Malignant samples (n = 75) were considered as cases and benign samples (n = 83) as controls. An unmatched, observational case–control study was conducted among women undergoing breast surgery between 2016–2018. The aim of this study was to determine the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a causative agent of leukemia in cattle, with breast cancer and its biomarkers used as prognosis of the severity of the disease (Ki67, HER2, hormonal receptors) in Colombian women. ![]() In efforts to establish a causative role of viruses, first is needed to demonstrate the strength and consistency of associations in different populations. Silent and long-term viral infections need to be present, in order to initiate cancer disease. The role of viruses in cancer is typically to initiate cellular transformation through cellular DNA damage, although specific mechanisms remain unknown. Viruses have been implicated in cancer development in both humans and animals.
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